3.6综合性文献翻译
综合性文献翻译，从方法上讲，集上述选译、改译、译要、编译于一体，对译员来说，无论在语言上或是专业知识上都有较高的要求。综合性文献翻译对了解国外政治、经济、文化、科技等方面特定专题的历史、现状和趋势，对掌握动向、制定政策和规范都有重要的参考价值，它往往是重大工程和科研立项的前期工作。有时，由于专业针对性强、文献涉及面广、原文语种不一，综合性文献翻译常非一人所为，而由二三人，甚至更多人合作完成。如某单位编印的《世界节能概况》，包括节能政策、节能措施、节能设备、节能方案、节能效果等，选译日本、俄国以及西方国家的有关文献数十篇，集世界节能之精华。又如上海翻译出版公司1991年出版的《混沌学传奇》，原名Chaos，“本书的史料局限于美国，但在此学科形成过程中，苏联、日本等国也有其独特和平行的工作，我国虽起步较晚，但也不乏值得介绍之成果。为此在此译本中另辟专章撰文补上，使译者得窥全貌。”（摘自概述“序”）这样，译者在翻译英文文献的同时，也补充翻译了相关的俄文文献和日文文献。综合性文献翻译的操作步骤是：确立专题→检索文献→提取符合专题需要的文本→分篇节译→译文的综合编排，如有必要，译者或主编可加上前言或后记。综合性文献翻译稿的最后部分列出来原文献的目录。综合性文献翻译时虽有删节，但仍然强调忠于原义，保留原文有关论述的精要。当综合性文献翻译涉及某一学科或专业的进展、现状和前景时，常保留原文文本中的数据、公式和图表。现按上述步骤说明如下：
[1]确立专题——按委托人或译者本人的需要定题。（本例的题目是“翻译的性质”）
[2]检索文献——通过各种检索工具（包括计算机），利用关键词检索并收集相关文献。
[3]提取文本——检索到的大量文本并非都是有用的，需要去粗取精，提取确实有用的文本。这里，为便于说明问题，减少篇幅，只取有代表性的三种文本。
[4]分篇选译——从提取的各文本中摘要核心信息，以便进一步编排。
[5]综合编排——将译出的信息按编章结构的要求合理安排。第一段导言，引出论题（对翻译性质的两种不同看法），第二、三段分别介绍艺术派和科学派的不同观点，第四段介绍调和派（或综合派）的观点，第五段说奈达由科学派转向艺术派（段首译者根据需要加上奈达曾是科学派的事实）。
[6]译者后语--第六段是译者自拟的结语，以使这篇编译稿成为首尾呼应、整体连贯的语篇。
[7]最后部分--写出综译稿的来源文献。现将三篇原文及其综合译稿列在下面（注意原文黑体部分均能在综译稿中找到相应的译文）：
Nature of Translation
1
By translation here I specifically mean translating，the process of translation，in which something is translated，instead of the work translated.So far as the definition of translation is concerned，of course，it is very easy for us to copy one from a dictionary；that is，a rendering from one language into another，but that seems to be too general and simple.Various definitions have been given to translation． Now I"d like to cite some of them：
Translation is a science.
Translation is an art.
Translation is a craft.
Translation is a skill.
Translation is an operation.
Translation is a language activity.
Translation is communicating.
All the definitions mentioned above may be taken for reference because each of them is true when looked at from a certain angle.
Among them the first two are most important for they represent two schools - the school of science and the school of art.The former maintains that translating should reproduce the message of the original by means of the transformation of linguistic equivalence.It puts stress on the study of deion of the process of translation，and the structures and forms of language so as to reveal the objective laws inherent in translating.The latter school advocates re-creating a literary work by using expressions of another language.It emphasizes the effect of translation.Lin Yutang（1895-1976）was once a representative.In his essay On Translation he declares that translation is an art whose success depends upon one"s artistic talent and enough training.Besides these，there are no set rules for translation and there is no short cut for art.
In my opinion，both schools have their strong points and weak points so far as literary translation is concerned.Now there is a tendency to combine their theories into a comprehensive one.As a matter of fact，literary translation has a double nature.That"s to say，on the one hand，it is a science with its own laws and methods and on the other hand，it is an art.Now let’s have a further discussion of its double nature in the following…
Excerpts from Ten Lectures on Literary Translation by Liu Zhongde
2
A continuous concomitant of contact between two mutually incomprehensible tongues and one that does not lead either to suppression or extension of either is translation．As soon as two speakers of different languages need to converse，translation is necessary，either through a third party or directly.
Before the invention and diffusion of writing，translation was instantaneous and oral；persons professionally specializing in such work were called interpreters.In predominantly or wholly literate comm- unities，translation is thought of as the conversion of a written text in one language into a written text in another，though the modern emergence of the simultaneous translator or professional interpreter at international conferences keeps the oral side of translation very much alive.
At the other end of the translator"s spectrum，technical prose dealing with internationally agreed scientific subjects is probably the easiest type of material to translate，because cultural unification（in this respect），lexical correspondences，and stylistic similarity already exist in this type of usage in the languages most commonl yinvolved，to a higher degree than in other fields of discourse.
