However，if its birth was difficult，it is now completely accepted and must be listed as one of the symbols of Paris itself. One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the Eiffel Tower.
Notre Dame de Paris
巴黎圣母院
巴黎圣母院（Notre Dame）坐落于巴黎市中心塞纳河中的西岱岛上，始建于1163年，是巴黎大主教莫里斯·德·苏利决定兴建的，整座教堂在1345年才全部建成，历时180多年。
巴黎圣母院是一座典型的“歌特式”教堂，之所以闻名于世，主要因为它是欧洲建筑史上一个划时代的标志。圣母院的正外立面风格独特，结构严谨，看上去十分雄伟庄严。它被壁柱纵向分隔为三大块；三条装饰带又将它横向划分为三部分，其中，最下面有三个内凹的门洞。门洞上方是所谓的“国王廊”，上有分别代表以色列和犹太国历代国王的二十八尊雕塑。1793年，大革命中的巴黎人民将其误认作他们痛恨的法国国王的形象而将它们捣毁。但是后来，雕像又重新被复原并放回原位。“长廊”上面为中央部分，两侧为两个巨大的石质中棂窗子，中间一个玫瑰花形的大圆窗，其直径约10米，建于1220～1225年。中央供奉着圣母圣婴，两边立着天使的塑像，两侧立的是亚当和夏娃的塑像。
教堂内部极为朴素，几乎没有什么装饰。大厅可容纳9000人，其中1500人可坐在讲台上。厅内的大管风琴也很有名，共有6000根音管，音色浑厚响亮，特别适合奏圣歌和悲壮的乐曲。曾经有许多重大的典礼在这里举行，例如宣读1945年第二次世界大战胜利的赞美诗，又如1970年法国总统戴高乐将军的葬礼等。
巴黎圣母院是一座石头建筑，在世界建筑史上，被誉为一级由巨大的石头组成的交响乐。虽然这是一幢宗教建筑，但它闪烁着法国人民的智慧，反映了人们对美好生活的追求与向往。
巴黎圣母院共由三座殿堂组成。圣母院的正门建筑，自下而上为三层，顶上则对称地并立着两座钟楼，各高约６９米。在三扇大门的尖拱形墙壁上，装饰着精致的装饰雕刻和浮雕，题材均取自《圣经》。
中央大门的立柱上，刻着５世纪时一位巴黎主教圣马塞尔的雕像，左右两侧是莫里斯·德·苏里主教和路易七世国王等人的雕像。在正门第一层的顶上额带，装饰着所谓“国王长廊”的一长串浮雕像，共计二十八尊。这些雕像虽受中世纪人像雕刻规范的束缚，但仍具有极高的历史价值，有的形象从神态上看也极生动。整座建筑物的最精彩部分是屋顶、塔楼和扶壁，它们全都采用尖塔或尖状券做顶；门窗设计成狭长的尖拱形，墙壁较薄，采光很足。
屋顶部分的构架是垂直向上而聚成的一束，所有大大小小的矢状尖塔，像一个个飞向天空的箭头。内部的扶壁与矢拱，给人以轻盈、灵巧和宽敞的感觉，只要站在殿内，抬头仰望，就会产生与建筑本身一起向上的升腾感，这正符合天主教所要求的身临神界的幻觉。当阳光透过左右两侧那些用红、紫、蓝、黄等彩色玻璃镶嵌而成的窗子时，室内光影斑驳，环境更显得变幻莫测，虚无缥缈，让人有超凡脱俗的感觉。彩色玻璃镶嵌窗上的图案都是宗教内容，其形象比一般祭坛画更富有幻想性。
教堂的内部处理与外部是统一的，柱券结构全部裸露，骨架券从科林斯柱顶散射而出，具有强烈的动势。由于室内结构体系明确，所以在表现神秘的宗教思想的同时，也流露出科学理性精神。
Not the largest cathedral in the world，the Notre Dame might be the most famous of all cathedralscathedral n.大教堂. The gothic masterpiece is located on the Ile de la Cité，a small island in the heart of the city.
The site of the Notre dame is the cradle of Paris and had been the religious center of the city. The Celts had their sacred ground here，the Romans built a temple to worship Jupiter. A Christian basilica was built in the 6th century and the last religious structure before the Notre Dame construction started was a Romanesque church.
Proceeded by a GalloRoman temple to Jupiter，a Christian basilica，and a Romanesque church，construction of Notre Dame de Paris began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII. Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone. The idea to replace the RomanesqueRomanesque n.罗马式 church occupying the sitethe Cathedral of St. Etienne (founded by Childebert in 528) was that of Bishop Maurice de Sully (who died in 1196). (Some accounts claim that there were two churches existing on the site，one to the Virgin Mary，the other to St. Stephen.) Construction was completed roughly 200 years later in about 1345.
The choir was completed in 1182；the nave in 1208，and the west front and towers circa 1225~1250. A series of chapels were added to the nave during the period 1235~50，and during 1296~1330 to the apse (Pierre de Chelles and Jean Ravy). The transept crossings were build in 1250~1267 by Jean de Chelles and Pierre de Montreuil (also the architect of the SainteChapelle). It was essentially completed according to the originaloriginal adj.最初的，原始的，独创的，新颖的 n.原物，原作 plans.
The reigns of Louis XIV (end of the 17th century) and Louis XV saw significant alterations including the destruction of tombs，and stained glass. At the end of the 18th century，during the Revolution，many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. Only the great bells avoided being melted down，and the Cathedral was dedicated first to the cult of Reason，and to the cult of the Supreme being. The church interior was used as a warehouse for the storage of forage and food.
After falling into disrepair，a restoration program overseen by Lassus (died 1857) and ViolletleDuc，was carried out in 1845. This program lasted 23 years，and included the construction of the spire and the sacristy.
During the Commune of 1871，the Cathedral was nearly burned by the Communards and some accounts suggest that indeed a huge mound of chairs was set on fire in its interior. Whatever happened，the Notre Dame survived the Commune essentially unscathedunscathed adj.没有受伤的，未受伤的.
Now in 1991，a 10 year program of general maintenance and restoration has begun，and sections of the structure are likely to be shrouded in scaffolds for the foreseeable future.
During its history，Notre Dame has been the site of numerous official and other ceremonial occasions. These include：
1239；The Crown of Thorns placed in the Cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of SainteChapelle.
1302；Philip the Fair opens the first States General here.
1430；Henri VI of England is crowned here.
Mary Stuart becomes Queen of France after her marriage to Franois II，and is crowned here.
1572；Marguerite of Valoi is married to the Huguenot Henri of Navarre here.
2 December 1804；After the anointing by Pius VII，Napoléon seizes the crown from the pontiffpontiff n.罗马教皇，主教，大祭司 and crowns first himself，then Josephine.
26 August 1944；The Te Deum Mass celebrates the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by snipping from both the internal and external galleries.)
12 November 1970；The Requiem Mass of General de Gaulle is held here.
31 May 1980；After the Magnificat of this day，Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis in front of the Cathedral.
Avenue des Champas Elysees
巴黎香榭丽舍大道
巴黎香榭丽舍大道东起协和广场，西至星形广场(即戴高乐广场)，地势西高东低，全长1800米，最宽处约120米。它以圆点广场为界分成两部分：东段700米以自然风光为主，两侧是平坦的英式草坪，恬静安宁；西段1100米为高级商业区，雍容华贵。
香榭丽舍大道的演变史同巴黎的市政发展史紧密相连。据史书记载，1667年，皇家园艺师勒诺特为拓展土伊勒里花园的视野，把这个皇家花园的东西中轴线向西延伸至圆点广场，此为大道雏形。当时，道路两侧还是荒野和沼泽。1828年香榭丽舍成为市府的资产后，市府为它铺设人行道，安装路灯和喷泉，使之成为法国花园史上第一条林荫大道。
一条城市大道得到人们的普遍赞美，不仅因为它是一个完美的市政工程，还因它有历史文化积淀，和民族命运紧密相连。香榭丽舍两端，协和广场上的方尖碑，星形广场上的凯旋门，有多少关于征服与被征服，光荣与屈辱的故事！香榭丽舍一侧，大宫和小宫留下了万国博览会时期法国曾经有过的荣华富贵。与香榭丽舍一街之隔的爱丽舍宫，记载着权力的兴衰交替。许多重大历史事件发生在香榭丽舍。1814年，反法联盟军进入巴黎，普鲁士和英国士兵宿营在这里；1885年，大文豪雨果的出殡队伍走过这里；1944年，解放巴黎的军队在这里接受民众的欢呼；1970年，还是在这条大道上，法国人为戴高乐将军默哀……
经过300多年的演变，香榭丽舍大道成为法国最具景观效应和人文内涵的大道，法国人毫不谦虚地称之为“世界上最美丽的散步大道”。
希拉克向欢庆的人群宣布：“香榭丽舍，世人潜意识中的奇妙地方，已恢复了它的声誉。”
